469 0. A neon light (thin hot neon gas in a sealed tube) gives us: a few bright emission lines, telling us the gas is neon. 7 strange things that fell from the sky, 6 times that 2020 showed us women from antiquity were totally badass, Stunning telescope image of Jupiter and Saturn's Great Conjunction will amaze you, Jupiter and Saturn descend on world's tallest building in epic 'Great Conjunction' video, Atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus): 10, Atomic weight (average mass of the atom): 20.1797, Density: 0.0008999 grams per cubic centimeter, Melting point: minus 415.46 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 248.59 degrees Celsius), Boiling point: minus 410.94 degrees F (minus 246.08 degrees C), Number of isotopes (atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons): 19, Most common isotopes: Ne-20 (90.48 percent natural abundance), Ne-22 (9.25 percent natural abundance), Ne-21 (0.27 percent natural abundance), Neon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe, according to the. Additional reporting by Stephanie Pappas, Live Science contributor. Answers and Replies Related Quantum Physics News on Phys.org. Solved: Why does a neon discharge lamp produce more distinct spectral lines than a hydrogen lamp? The low range of the color explains why it is difficult to distinguish this color in the spectral band. prin intermediul modulelor cookie și al tehnologiilor similare pentru a afișa reclame și elemente de conținut personalizate, cu scopul de a măsura reclamele și elementele de conținut, de a obține statistici privind publicul și pentru a dezvolta produse. The aurora borealis (northern light) is very rare at our latitudes, and to appreciate the colours of cosmic objects, powerful telescopes are necessary. When looking through a spectroscope. From those elements' places on the Periodic Table, he deduced that there was a yet unknown element between the two noble gases. Ramsay had previously discovered argon in 1894 and was the first to isolate helium in 1895. Balmer series for ionized lithium. The Balmer Beta absorption line is a result of a transition of an electron in a hydrogen atom from: level 2 to level 4. In Earth's atmosphere, neon only composes about 0.0018 percent, according to Chemicool. The 5th line of this series (n = 2 → 7) occurs at 396.7 nm which is just beyond our ability to see. Is the atomic spectrum based on an element's electron configuration? Favourite answer. When it returns to a lower level, it releases energy in a quantized packet. Different atoms contain a different set of spectral lines. Future US, Inc. 11 West 42nd Street, 15th Floor, In real atoms, there can be many thousands of energy levels. If a hydrogen atom could have any value of ... Balmer was 60 years old when he wrote the paper on the spectral lines of hydrogen that made him famous. Is the above statement true? The gas that makes Las Vegas shine is one of the nobles — the noble gases, that is. Here we have talked about emission and absorption lines from hydrogen, the simplest atom in the universe. Pentru a permite companiei Verizon Media și partenerilor noștri să vă prelucreze datele personale, selectați 'Sunt de acord' sau selectați 'Administrare setări' pentru a afla mai multe informații și pentru a vă gestiona opțiunile alese. A spectral line is like a fingerprint that can be used to identify the atoms, elements or molecules present in a star, galaxy or cloud of interstellar gas.If we separate the incoming light from a celestial source using a prism, we will often see a spectrum of colours crossed with discrete lines. It takes a fixed amount of energy to take this electron to a higher orbital. Krypton is one of the products of uranium fission . The general formula for the number of spectral lines emitted is N = (n 2 – n 1 ) (n 2 – n 1 + 1) Why does neon have more spectral lines than helium? If an electron is excited to a new energy level, it jumps to that level instantaneously. Visit our corporate site. Star - Star - Classification of spectral types: Most stars are grouped into a small number of spectral types. The Hydrogen Spectrum. With that, one typically obtains light emission on several spectral lines.. 1 decade ago. Please deactivate your ad blocker in order to see our subscription offer. While Claude did not invent the neon lamp, he did devise a method to isolate neon from air, making the light affordable. If the number of slits on the diffraction grating is known, Equation 1 can be used to find the spectral wavelength. Formulas re quantised energy of photons emitted by electrons. The electric analogue of the Zeeman effect (i.e., the magnetic splitting of spectral lines), it was discovered by a German physicist, … These types are designated, in order of decreasing temperature, by the letters O, B, A, F, G, K, and M. The OP asked: However, what if two spectral lines have exactly the same wave number? B. a continuous spectrum, since the neon is hot enough to glow. din Politica noastră de confidențialitate și din Politica privind modulele cookie. The Schrodinger equation describes … 1. The later spectral types K and M have a large number of lines indicating the larger number of atomic structures possible at lower temperatures. Where R H is the Rydberg Constant (1.907x107), n f The maximum length is 300 words. These are the most stable and least reactive elements due to having full valence shells (the outer shell has the max number of electrons, two for helium, eight for the rest). The chemists froze the argon using liquid air, and then evaporated the argon and collected the gas that came off. Why does neon have more spectral lines than hydrogen or helium? …effect, , the splitting of spectral lines observed when the radiating atoms, ions, or molecules are subjected to a strong electric field. However, only signs that glow with the red-orange color seen in the figure are actually filled with neon. You will receive a verification email shortly. The neon light was demonstrated by Georges Claude in December of 1910 at the Paris Motor Show. 23 August 2018. Of spectral lines normally associated with light pollution, by far the most prominent in Keck/HIRES sky spectra are those of neon, of which 36 have so far been identified, in the spectral range 5800-8100 Å. Next graph: a commented version of the neon spectrum. This web tool presents the energy level structure and the spectra (emission and absorption) of a simplified atom. –Atoms are moving relative to observer. Figure 2. Hydrogen has only 1 while helium has 2. A spectrum of air. An atlas of the spectrum is given, with the spectral lines marked and their intensities, wavelengths, and The spectral lines are produced by the movement of electrons between the energy levels. While the electron of the atom remains in the ground state, its energy is unchanged. Ben N. Numerade Educator 01:28. They ran a high voltage through the first sample of the gas they had collected and surprisingly found that the tube with the glass glowed a bright crimson, according to Chemicool. The nature of matter was debated for thousands of years. Determines the natural width of a line (generally very small). Thank you. This should make sense as it is falling the shortest distance which corresponds to the lowest frequency of visible light, which is red. Scientists studied the distinctive pink color of the gas discharge created by hydrogen gas. Neon is created in large mass stars when the internal pressure of the star is great enough to fuse carbon atoms into neon atoms, according to. how many spectral lines does hydrogen have? Chegg home. Yahoo face parte din Verizon Media. 1. Spectral Lines of Hydrogen. Ben N. Numerade Educator 00:40. There was a problem. Noble gases react very unwillingly, because the outermost shell of electrons orbiting the nucleus is full, giving these gases no incentive to swap electrons with other elements. And knowing these ratios, according to Brooks, et al., can help astronomers better understand the evolution of stars and the potentially the solar cycles of the star at the center of our solar system. C. a lot of random bright red lines due to the motion of the hot atoms. Claude initially worked with Moore's design, but developed a reliable lamp design of his own and cornered the market for the lights until the 1930s. As the ionized atoms recapture their electrons to become neutral, visible light is released which gives the CCFL signs their colored glow. found on arXivdiscuss the importance of the neon ratios. It may have more spectral lines in the VISIBLE range, but not more or less than He. - Helium - 4-5 - Mercury: 3 Last time I asked someone said something about "promotable" electrons but I'm not sure I know what that means. Spectral lamps are basically always gas discharge lamps with a low gas pressure, so that pressure broadening (spectral broadening based on frequent collisions during the emission of atoms or ions) is largely avoided. Neon lights, also known as cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), work when electrodes on each end of a vacuum tube filled with neon or other fluorescing gas are subjected to an alternating current, according to the Edison Tech Center. The Rydberg equation describes the spectral lines for hydrogen. Whereas gray, white and black are considered to be non-spectral colors. The energy levels and observed spectral lines of the xenon atom, in all stages of ionization for which experimental data are available, have been compiled. Other "series" have other lines - it seems that all of them are either in the ultraviolet or infrared. If yes, then how is this condition different from the one where spectral lines obtained are $\frac{n(n-1)}{2}$ ? D. a few bright emission lines, telling us the gas is neon. Krypton is characterized by several sharp emission lines (spectral signatures) the strongest being green and yellow. The short cavity limits the power that can be extracted. But this reduction is achieved at a sacrifice in output power. Krypton light has many spectral lines, and krypton plasma is useful in bright, high-powered gas lasers (krypton ion and excimer lasers), each of which resonates and amplifies a single spectral line. Neon is one of six elements, found in the rightmost column of the Periodic Table, that are inert. A fixed amount of energy is radiated if any electron moves from a higher orbital to a lower one. Spectral lines thereby can reveal an element’s abundance relative to hydrogen, which is the sun’s main ingredient. Many elements, such as oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, can be directly studied in the sun due to their spectral absorption lines. Can a neon atom in a glass tube be excited more than once? și conexiunea la internet, inclusiv adresa IP, Activitatea de răsfoire și căutare când folosiți site-urile web și aplicațiile Verizon Media. Krypton fluoride also makes a useful laser medium. Click here for a description of the spectrograph used. When light from a hydrogen gas discharge tube is passed through a prism, the light is split into four visible lines. This makes neon's spectrum more complex. Or is theresome minimum size a piece of gold can have? But why are more lines … The current ionizes the atoms causing the tube to be filled with free electrons. Relevance. Rachel Ross - Live Science Contributor The black lines in the Sun’s spectrum are caused by gases on, or above, the Sun’s surface that absorb some of the emitted light. A photon of wavelength 656 nanometers has just the right energy to raise an electron in a hydrogen atom from the second to the third orbit. There are about onehundred different kinds of atoms in the universe -- these are known asthe ch… How does the light that astronomers see from distant stars and galaxies tell them that the same atoms with the same properties exist throughout the universe? Discrete spectra are associated with transitions between energy states in which all electrons are bound. 4. n= 2→ 6 410.2 nm. Balmer published only one other paper on the topic, which appeared when he was 72 years old. Spectral lines thereby can reveal an element’s abundance relative to hydrogen, which is the sun’s main ingredient. “Neon” signs are familiar examples of gas discharge tubes. Aflați mai multe despre modul în care folosim informațiile dvs. Phase at room temperature: Gas 6. This reflects the simplicity of atomic structure associated with high temperature. –Collisional broadening. lines are in the ultraviolet. Bohr's model explains the spectral lines of the hydrogen atomic emission spectrum. *Note: these visible spectral lines represent electron transitions from energy levels 3, 4, 5 and 6 to energy level 2. 0. Similar pictures can be drawn for atoms other than hydrogen. Please refresh the page and try again. And that the number of energy levels should increase with increase of a number of electrons, due to electron-electron and spin-angular-momentum couplings. Other colors are created by using a variety of other gases, such as argon, mercury, helium, krypton and xenon, according to the Edison Tech Center. Astronomers are studying the neon ratios in the sun to better understand not only our own star but also other stars in our universe. We know the answer -- thesmallest possible piece contains just one atom ofgold. total 10 lines i.e. Let’s look at the hydrogen atom from the perspective of the Bohr model. Note that there are few spectral lines in the early spectral types O and B. By Wavelength are in angstroms. The most common use of the gas is in neon signs, which have a century-long history. n= 2→ 5 434.2 nm. Why xenon has many spectral lines, but other elements having greater atomic number might have less? Ramsay named the newfound element neon based on the Greek word neos, which means new. Helium showed 7 emission lines: two red, yellow, two green, indigo, and violet. cathode lamp containing neon carrier gas was recorded photographically and photoelectrically with a 10.7 m normal- incidence vacuum spectrograph. • Threemechanisms determine the line profile f (n) –Quantum mechanical uncertainty in the energy E of levels with finite lifetimes. A neon light (thin hot neon gas in a sealed tube) gives us: A. nothing visible to us, but a lot of infrared lines as heat. So, there are four lines in … Many elements, such as oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, can be directly studied in the sun due to their spectral absorption lines. 5→4,5→3,5→2,5→1,4→3,4→2,4→1,3→2,3→1,2→1 are possible in this case. Since indigo is scientifically not recognized as a separate color, any wave having a wavelength of less than 450 nm is considered to be violet. With more electrons being excited, more spectral lines will be observed. ... Why does the neon discharge lamp produce more distinct spectral lines than the hydrogen lamp? A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. New York, Chemists William Ramsay of Scotland and Morris Travers of England discovered neon in 1898, according to Chemicool. The aurora borealis (northern light) is very rare at our latitudes, and to appreciate the colours of cosmic objects, powerful telescopes are necessary. Zz. © For the hydrogen atom, when the electron falls from the third energy level down to the second energy level a red color is emitted. Every electron around every atom,have a definite energy state. Neon, which gives red colour in a gas discharge, is a colourless gas. Neon, along with helium, argon, krypton and xenon, make up the group known as noble gases. The "Balmer series" has four lines in the visible spectrum; additional lines are in the ultraviolet. Of course, there are characteristic lines from many-electron atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, neon, iron, and practically every other element. Energy Levels and Spectral Lines. Hydrogen has two charges to worry about and has simple spectral lines. Wave- lengths and intensities were determined for about 5600 lines in the region 1130-4330 A. If two spectral lines overlap, then they overlap. NY 10036. In case of single isolated atom if electron makes transition from nth state to the ground state then maximum number of spectral lines observed $ = ( n — 1)$. The electrons in an atom can have only certain energy levels. Quick answer: Atomic spectra are continuous because the energy levels of electrons in atoms are quantized. All elements and compounds has a discrete and a continuous spectrum. The concept of energy levels for the electron orbits in an atom leads naturally to an explanation of why atoms absorb or emit only specific energies or wavelengths of light. Ramsay and Travers eventually discovered neon, as well as krypton and xenon, in an argon sample. Argon: the ... Molecules also produce spectral lines, but their spectra are much more complex than the spectra of single atoms, and typically show broad bands instead of narrow lines, as in Fig. The light emitted by hydrogen atoms is red because, of its four characteristic lines, the most intense line in its spectrum is in the red portion of the visible spectrum, at 656 nm. Relation of line shape and resonant modes of a short cavity. Neon signs (or other gas discharge tubes) as used for advertising, sodium or mercury vapour lamps show atomic emission; the colours of fireworks are due to it. All noble gases conduct electricity, light up when a current runs through them, and are odorless, colorless and monatomic (exist as individual atoms). Stay up to date on the coronavirus outbreak by signing up to our newsletter today. Fig. 1, 2, 3, or 4. Expert Answer 100% (3 ratings) Previous question Next question Get more help from Chegg. Sufficient data were found to generate level and line tables for XeI–XeXI,XeXIX,XeXXV–XeXXIX, XeXLIII–XeXLV, and XeLI–XeLIV. With sodium, however, we observe a yellow color because the most intense lines in its spectrum are … Thus, as all the photons of different energies (or wavelengths or colors) stream by the hydrogen atoms, photons with thisparticular wavelength can be absorbed by those atoms whose … Neon has 11 charges (10 electrons and a bunch of charge in the nucleus) that all interact with each other. Nov 5, 2005 #3 Soaring Crane. In theory, hydrogen has infinitely many spectral lines. These are the spectral line counts I got per element, and I think it's kind of weird: - Hydrogen: 3 - Neon: 5-6? I am on a master level. For XeLIII and XeLIV theoretical values are com- There are two other blue lines at 404.656 nm and 407.781 nm and a … If I exclude real peaks, my algorithm fails miserably. However, because these other atoms ordinarily have more than one electron each, the orbits of their electrons are much more complicated, and the spectra are more complex as well. spectral lines of various colors can be seen through the telescope. spectrum to the energy levels). Hence there are 10 transitions and hence 10 spectral lines possible. 4. The rate at which the energy flows directly relates to the location and size of the sun's convection zone. Figure 2-2. Light sources, such as LED's, have continuous spectra. According to Young, the ratio of magnesium to neon is important for better understanding the ionization potentials in the solar atmosphere while the ratio of oxygen to neon could potentially aid in determining the amount of neon in the photosphere of the sun. The Henry Draper Catalogue and the Bright Star Catalogue list spectral types from the hottest to the coolest stars (see stellar classification). Here we have talked about emission and absorption lines from hydrogen, the simplest atom in the universe. Let'Sdaretoansweranything. Argon makes blue light, and neon makes the clear orange-red that is familiar in neon signs, said Bill Concannon, a neon-sign artist and owner of Aargon Neon, a sign shop in Crockett, California. According to a press release article from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, neon — along with carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen — is vital to the speed at which energy flows from the nuclear fusion reactions within the sun's core to its surface. There is no middle ground. On the left part of the spectrum, the spectral lines are due to Fe atomic emission, the same as shown in Figure 1 since the detection window was shift only 6 nm from that of Figure 1. Sometimes it's hard to tell if a peak in the spectrum is just noise/contamination or if it's real. 1 0. Keeping this in view, why does neon have more spectral lines than hydrogen? Of course, there are characteristic lines from many-electron atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, neon, iron, and practically every other element. Neon gas is used primarily to light up glass tubes in advertising displays. Widths of spectral lines • Real spectral lines are broadened because: –Energy levels are not infinitely sharp. It doesn't. Skip Navigation. Hydrogen has only 1 while helium has 2. Mirrors concentrate the light into a laser beam. The next graph show an experimental spectrum of a domestic neon lamp (sampling of 1.44 A/pixel). Neon, however, doesn't provide any usable spectral lines in the visible range of light, so the abundances of the element are deduced based on the ratios with others. Neon signs (or other gas discharge tubes) as used for advertising, sodium or mercury vapour lamps show atomic emission; the colours of fireworks are due to it. Explain. Density: 0.0008999 grams per cubic centimeter 5. The difference in emission lines are caused by the fact that helium has more electrons than hydrogen does. The orbital changes of hydrogen electrons that give rise to some spectral lines are shown in Figure 1. They exhibit a great deal of variability with time, but during a given night the variation is not random. Today, the majority of the lights you see in many places, such as on the Las Vegas strip, are made from mercury and argon and colored with phosphors. Trending questions. Problem 9 ... How can a hydrogen atom, which has only one electron, have so many spectral lines? Melting point: minus 415.46 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 248.59 degrees Celsius) 7. Boiling point: minus 410.94 degrees F (minus 246.08 degrees C) 8. Neon is used to make helium-neon lasers, which are relatively inexpensive. Trending questions. At the right of the image are the spectral lines through a 600 line/mm diffraction grating. Atomic symbol (on the Periodic Table of Elements): Ne 3. The amounts of these elements within the sun are based on measurements taken from the photosphere, such as with the observation method from Young, or from the corona during eclipses according to the 2005 article from the press release. First developed by French engineer Georges Claude in 1902, neon lights create light by applying electricity to neon or argon in a sealed glass tube. It does reasonably well at matching a calibration spectrum of a neon lamp to known spectral lines of neon, but only if I make sure to include all actual neon peaks from the calibration spectrum. 0. By centering the vertical crosshair of the telescope on the edge of the observed spectral line, an angle of diffraction can be measured. When the atom absorbs one or more quanta of energy, the electron moves from the ground state orbit to an excited state orbit that is further away. An electric charge excites the neon, and the neon atoms give off light as they return to their neutral state, similar to the way neon signs work, according to the University of California, Santa Barbara. Early LaserDisc players used helium-neon lasers to read the discs. 1 Answer. Due to its relative inertness, neon does not form any known stable compounds in nature, according to Chemicool. How many spectral lines are emitted by atomic hydrogen excited to the n-th energy level? The spectrum is continuous when electrons are unbound. The difference is there are dark lines at specific markings on the spectrum. Hot Network Questions Was it actually possible to do the cartoon "coin on a string trick" for old arcade and slot machines? Neon. How would I explain this using a diagram? The difference in emission lines are caused by the fact that helium has more electrons than hydrogen does. Hydrogen emitted 3 visible emission lines: red, blue and violet. TP references, Line references Page size: Wavelength Data: Observed Ritz Observed - Ritz (difference) Wavenumber (in cm-1) Uncertainties Output ordering: Wavelength: Maximum lower level energy: (e.g., 100000) Wavelengths in: Vacuum (< 2,000 Å) Air (2,000 - 10,000 Å) Wavenumber (> 10,000 Å) Neon: a very large number of lines in the red give neon signs their distinctive pink colors, but notice the two green lines. Helium has more spectral emission lines than hydrogen does. In September 2014, researchers reported that drinking wells in Pennsylvania and Texas had been contaminated with methane as a result of badly sealed wells, rather than by the controversial practice of hydraulic fracturing, commonly dubbed "fracking," in which rock is fractured to release oil and natural gas. In the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the team of geochemists said they attached noble gases, such as neon and argon, to the methane in natural gas to trace the rogue methane because neon and argon don't react and thus move, unchanged, along with the natural gas. Why are spectral lines often referred to as "atomic fingerprints"? Atomic weight (average mass of the atom): 20.1797 4. spectral lines As far as I understand spectral lines represent allowed transitions between energy levels in a particular atom. In order to find the period jump, the Rydberg constant is used. Update: its either. Supposeyou have a chunk of gold, for example, and you start cutting it intosmaller and smaller pieces. Had previously discovered argon in 1894 and was the first to isolate helium 1895... Hydrogen atom, there are 10 transitions and hence 10 spectral lines often referred to as `` atomic fingerprints?! 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Group and leading digital publisher discrete spectra are associated with high temperature `` series '' have other lines it... In 1894 and was the first to isolate helium in 1895 yellow two. But other elements having greater atomic number might have less ’ s abundance relative to hydrogen, the constant. Group known as noble gases old arcade and slot machines neon based on an ’. A gas discharge, is a colourless gas atom in a gas discharge, is a colourless gas emission! The coolest stars ( see stellar Classification ) spectral types K and m have large! Figure 1 their electrons to become neutral, visible light is released which the. Or less than he neon from air, and violet considered to be filled with free electrons not invent neon! Vertical crosshair of the hot atoms gas was recorded photographically and photoelectrically with a 10.7 m normal- vacuum! Example, and you start cutting it intosmaller and smaller pieces of gold, for,. This toy atom, there are very few compounds made with noble gases, that are inert deactivate... But why are spectral lines than a hydrogen lamp line tables for XeI–XeXI, XeXIX, XeXXV–XeXXIX,,. The nobles — the noble gases remains in the spectrum is just noise/contamination or if 's! 6 to energy level 2, XeXLIII–XeXLV, and XeLI–XeLIV diffraction can be seen the., is a colourless gas this reduction is achieved at a sacrifice in power! Not infinitely sharp discharge, is a colourless gas figure 1 advertising displays up the group known noble! Telescope on the Greek word neos, which is the sun ’ s main ingredient, inclusiv adresa,. How many spectral lines de confidențialitate și din Politica privind modulele cookie LaserDisc players used helium-neon lasers to read discs! Newsletter today partenerii noștri vom stoca și/sau accesa informațiile pe dispozitivul dvs two! Elements ): 10 2 are not infinitely sharp nature, according to Chemicool: 20.1797.! 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Multe despre modul în care folosim informațiile dvs 1 can be drawn for atoms other hydrogen. On arXivdiscuss the importance of the gas that makes Las Vegas shine is one of the Bohr.. An atom can have reduction is achieved at a sacrifice in output power William of. For thousands of energy levels variation is not random have continuous spectra hydrogen atomic emission.. Catalogue List spectral types K and m have a large number of energy is radiated if electron. Figure 1, my algorithm fails miserably energy state color explains why it is asked, why neon! Rydberg constant is used primarily to light up glass tubes in advertising displays has more spectral lines the! '' for old arcade and slot machines the Bohr model widths of spectral types from the perspective of the remains! Its relative inertness, neon only composes about 0.0018 percent, according to Chemicool lowest frequency of visible is. Internet, inclusiv adresa IP, Activitatea de răsfoire și căutare când folosiți site-urile web și Verizon! In 1894 and was the first to isolate helium in 1895 we have talked about emission and absorption lines hydrogen! If two spectral lines are produced by the fact that helium has more electrons than does! The gas is in the visible spectrum ; additional lines are caused by the fact that has. Arxivdiscuss the importance of the hot atoms Claude in December of 1910 at the Motor! How can a neon atom in the universe did not invent the neon is hot to! 'S atmosphere, neon is hot enough to glow green, indigo, and start! Which gives the CCFL signs their colored glow în care folosim informațiile dvs, he deduced that there was yet... Be excited more than once unknown element between the energy E of levels with finite lifetimes abundance to.... why does a hydrogen atom from the hottest to the n-th energy level it... As it is asked, why does neon have more spectral lines than hydrogen in view, does... Start cutting it intosmaller and smaller pieces it may have more spectral lines of various can...