From the sickness, the compartments of the hold would become covered in blood and human waste and mucus. Some of the worksheets for this concept are Primary and secondary source work, Week six identifying primary and secondary sources, Comparing primary and secondary sources lesson plan, Primary secondary sources, Teaching primary and secondary sources, Primary sources, Primary secondary and tertiary sources in … It has been estimated that a third of the slave deaths during The Middle Passage were attributed directly and indirectly to dehydration (Thomas, 1997: 423). Some of them were common criminals (Falconbridge, 1973: 15). The bulk of the material used to explore this topic comes from the holdings of the M.D. It seemed at times as if their arms would by pulled out of joint or their jaws cracked by some of the Dutch boors. Some of the excrement and urine would seep through the spaces between the plank boards, splattering on those who were unfortunate enough to be directly under the relieving slave (Munford, 1991: 308). Newport News, Virginia: Smithsonian Institution Press. This design was used by British abolitionists in their campaign to end slavery in Great Britain during the 1790s. Displaying top 8 worksheets found for - Primary Vs Secondary Sources. “These filled me with astonishment, that was soon converted into terror, which I am yet at a loss to describe…I was immediately handed and tossed up to see if I was sound by some of the crew, and I was persuaded that I had got into a world of bad spirits, and that they were going to kill me…when I looked round the ship too, and saw a large furnace or copper boiling and multitude of black people, of every description, chained together, everyone of their countenances expressing dejection and sorrow, I no longer doubted of my fate; and, quite overpowered with horror and anguish, I fell motionless on the deck and fainted” (Equiano, 1999: 31). Equiano states that, “I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such a salutation in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life: So that, with the loathsomeness of stench, and with my crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat, nor had I the least desire to taste anything” (1999: 32). Upon the site of land, the weakened, traumatized slaves were no longer restricted to their limited rations of food and water, if there was no shortage (Falconbridge, 1973: 23). Determined to get the best, arguments and fights would break out between the competitive purchasers (Falconbridge, 1973: 34). Mineola, New York: Dover Publications Inc. Falconbridge, Alexander. The rumor was that white cannibals had a fondness for eating African flesh (Pierson, 1977: 147, 148). As to be expected, most of their songs were filled with the sorrow and despair of being torn from their country and kin. These purchasers tried to revive the sick to a condition where they could be used or resold at a profit. Next come the lesions which ulcerate soon after formation” (Razi, 2000). Pliny's dates are pinned to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 and a statement by his nephew that he died in his 56th year, which would put his birth in AD 23 or 24.. Pliny was the son of an equestrian Gaius Plinius Celer and his wife Marcella. Pierson, William D. 1977. The hold could become full of shit, blood and mucus (Falconbridge, 1973: 25). Source 10 - Cruikshank's cartoon . From the early days of the American colonies, forced labor and slavery grew to become a central part of colonial economic and labor systems. According to Falconbridge, “Most of the slaves have such an aversion to the horse beans, that unless they are narrowly watched, when fed upon deck, they will throw them overboard or in each others faces when they quarrel” (1973: 22). While they were in, the creatures attacked them by throwing rocks against the walls of the cabin. Upon a given signal, or time, the purchasers would race into the holding pin and grab or lay claim to the best and healthiest. New York: Simon & Schuster. Upon reaching the coast, the survivors were weak, demoralized, traumatized and often sick. Equiano eventually purchased his freedom and lived in London where he advocated for abolition. White Cannibals, Black Martyrs: Journal of Negro history LX11 pp.147-59, April. Dysentery, one of the common diseases mentioned above, was uncontrollable diarrhea mixed with blood. Black Africans, whose business it was to organize slave-hunting expeditions, facilitated the use of slave factories, sometimes referred to as slave castles or barracoons. Upon being brought aboard the slave ship, the male slaves were shackled together in pairs with handcuffs and leg irons. The Middle Passage did not begin with the transatlantic voyage, but with the capture and sale of Africans, and ended with their forced ‘adjustment’ to life in the Americas. The women were not put in irons, unless they were considered troublesome. ( Log Out /  Dr. Philip Howard, from the University of Houston, described these platforms as strips of un-planed boards with no covering to protect slaves from the splinters and knots, usually having some amount of space between each board. Exterminated by the Bloody Flux. The Middle Passage: Voyage into Bondage. They were then branded with the identifying marks of their owners, using hot irons (Drake, 1972: 43). Many of these slaves were prisoners of war from native conflicts/slave hunting (Conneau, 1976: 104). Bailey, Anne C. African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame. Thomas, Hugh. Secondary sources can include history books, school textbooks, encyclopedias, History magazines, websites, and documentaries. Source 5: Britannia. After an examination of this material, it is apparent that the cruel treatment of the slaves coupled with the inhuman conditions aboard the slavers resulted in high mortality rates while causing the survivors to emerge physically weak as well as mentally terrified. There is evidence that Equiano may have been born in South Carolina and not Africa. A slavers’ Logbook, or 20 years’ residence in Africa. Drake reported what an auction entailed, “The Dutch maids walked around inspecting the naked Africans as if it was a common thing. Secondary Resources. Conditions inside the holds were inhuman. New York: AMS Press. 2002. The American Yawp, Joseph Locke and Ben Wright, eds., last modified I hope it was interesting for you. The leg irons, handcuffs and the restricted space made it painful and difficult for slaves to turn or move while stored in the hold (Equiano, 1999: 33). Falconbridge likened it to a slaughterhouse (1973: 24, 25). alternatives . Secondary source documents are all of the following EXCEPT: answer choices . Anti-slavery sources. Indeed, with only two cups of water per day coupled with the sweating, puking, and diarrhea, the slaves suffered tremendously from dehydration. The cold-blooded state of affairs and the brutal process of The Middle Passage began on the coast of West Africa where enslaved Africans were held prisoners by their African captors. ( Log Out /  He goes on to say that, “It frequently happens that those who kidnap others are themselves, in their turns, seized and sold. “The eruption of smallpox is preceded by a continued fever, pain in the back, itching in the nose, and terrors in sleep” (Razi, 2000). Munford 1991,, Clarence J. As the ship rocked in stormy waters, the abrasive irons and chains would rub and tear the slaves’ flesh. The holds had very little ventilation usually with only five to six airports on each side of the ship. The auctioneer sat on a high chair at one end of the room, and the slaves stood on a stool in front of him. Revelations of a slave smuggler. Circle the correct answer. The disheartened slaves were also forced by the cracking of the whip to sing. The women may not have had to suffer in irons but they were subject to other evil-minded and unsparing treatments. The Middle Passage “Les tam-tam de l’Afrique,” by IAM Lyrics (English translation) “Fils de Cham’ (Ham’s son)” Saturday, Aug 6, 2011. A biography of Theodore Roosevelt written in 2001 Primary Secondary 2. Download, reproduce, distribute, and enjoy a warm beverage while students dive into the Middle Passage. Sometimes they would refuse to comply with his desires and would be severely beaten by him and sent below…there was one girl that he retained for some time as his favorite and kept her in his cabin” (Dow, 1968: 191). And he assured me that it was a common incident among his countrymen” (Falconbridge, 1973: 14). On large ships, several hundred slaves could be packed below decks. There have even been reports of a captain who poured melted lead onto slaves who refused to eat (Falconbridge, 1973: 23). Source 6: Diagram of a slave ship. It involved the unwilling separation of peoples from their home and family, forcing them into a mandatory deportation, reducing their status to that of mere human cargo, exposing them to a cramped disease filled environment, limiting them of basic life giving substance, subjecting them to wrenching sexual abuse and much more. I have even known them to gratify their brutal passion with females not ten years old; and these abominations some of them practiced to such a scandalous excess” (Equiano, 1999: 74). It designated the bottom line of a trading triangle, between the “outward passage” from Europe to Africa and the “homeward passage” from the Americas back to Europe. 3, Summer 1998 PR PEER-REVIEWED PERIODICAL Peer-reviewed publications on Questia are publications containing articles which were subject to evaluation for accuracy and substance by professional peers of the article's author(s). The modified design of the holds exacerbated and promoted unhealthy conditions for the slaves, resulting in high mortality, along with the physical weakening and psychological traumatizing of the rest. Captain Rich’d Drake, an African slave trader for fifty years, described how the blacks were examined head to foot, having their joints and muscles squeezed, their arms and legs twisted, their breast and groins pinched without mercy. Although the origins are unknown and the meaning has changed over time, The Middle Passage is a term that commonly refers to the transporting of African slaves from the West African coast, across the Atlantic sea to the Americas, aboard slave ships known as slavers. However, they too were put into the hold like the men, but in separate apartments from the men (Falconbridge, 1973: 19, 20). Captains, officers and crew could be sexual predators and the powerless female slaves were their victims (Falconbridge, 1973: 23, 24). The main tasks are to answer source questions and there is level criteria provided. Their lack of clothing caused a lowering of physical resistance. Are these primary or secondary sources? 1968. This article will briefly outline the major phases of The Middle Passage and describe some of the treatments and conditions the enslaved Africans experienced. ... For this American colonies lesson, 4th graders research using primary and secondary sources, Native Americans, Europeans, and African Americans role in the... Get Free Access See Review. If the slaves danced reluctantly, or the least bit sloppy, they were whipped for inspiration (Falconbridge, 1973: 23). Razi, Abu Bahr Muhammad. The amount of bodies, the lack of ventilation, and excrement created unimaginable, unsanitary conditions that were inhuman and savage. In fact, most captains were ‘tight packers’, storing as many slaves as possible, each of them squished together like in a can of sardines (Drake, 1972: 39, 43, 59, 89). The transport of African slaves formed one leg of the Triangular Trade, an economic system that drastically altered the societies of four continents. Cohn, Raymond L. "Deaths of Slaves in the Middle Passage" The Journal of Economic History (Sep., 1985): 685-692. … They hurried back to their cabin and locked themselves inside. Required fields are marked *, Native American Headdress – Music Festival Goers. The Middle Passage was the middle stop of the "triangular trade": European ships would first sail to the western coast of Africa to trade a variety of goods for people who had been captured in war, kidnapped, or sentenced to enslavement as punishment for a crime; they would then transport enslaved people to the Americas and sell them in order to purchase sugar, rum, and other products; … Huskey, Robert J. Source 9: Elizabeth Heyrick. Next, their gums would hemorrhage while the tissue became weak and spongy. The ships rolling motion might cause the skin over their elbows, hips or shoulder blades to be worn away to the bone (Falconbridge, 1973: 28). Document #4- Olaudah Equiano Boards the Slave Ship The following is a passage from Equiano’s autobiography The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. Neither the younger nor the elder Pliny mention the names. Between meals, and sometimes at night, the slaves were forced to dance and sing as a form of cruel exercise or sadistic entertainment. Northbrook, Ill: Metro books, Inc. Equiano, Olaudah. Hill recounts, “The great physical suffering of all seems to be a raging, unquenchable thirst” (1993: 30). Chills were common from the temperature change going from deck to steamy hold. Secondary Sources. The life of Olaudah Equiano. This produced copious perspiration, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells and brought on a sickness among the slaves of which many died” (1999: 33). They told us we were not to be eaten, but to work, and were soon to go on land, where we should see many of our country people” (1999: 35). Prentice Hall, Inc. Dow, George Francis. The voyage from Africa to the New World of the Americas was called the Middle Passage. The slave factories contained slaves who had survived a brutal capture and march from the interior of Africa (Drake, 1972: 43, 48, 49). Eventually, captains would employ the use of a speculum oris in order to force feed resistant slave. Captive Passage: The Transatlantic Slave trade and the Making of the Americas. Jan 23, 2019 - primary-source-middle-passage-19659-article_only Q. Furthermore, Equiano comments that he knew of child rapes: “I have known our mates commit these acts most shamefully, to the disgrace not of Christians only, but of men. 1. Cambridge, Maryland: Cornell Maritime Press, Inc. Drake, Rich’D. Regardless of how they became slaves, they were housed in these merciless factories until the slave ships arrived. Source 2: Campaign Medallion. The Atlantic slave trade was the largest fo… The first visible signs would have been the appearance of raised red spots on the skin. Black classic press. A slave inflected with scurvy would have become weak with joint pain. Slaves that were weak, but not deathly sick, were fed and cleaned before being marched to the merchants’ yard to await the grim treatment of the auction (Thomas, 1997: 432). “Many of the Negroes have letters cut on the breast or shoulder…whereby on the vessel’s arrival to the Americas; owners could recognize their property (Hill, 1993: 37). History & Special Collections UCLA Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library. Next Article Aboard a Slave Captain’s Ship. From the early days of the American colonies, forced labor and slavery grew to become a central part of colonial economic and labor systems. Source 8: A slave revolt. ( Log Out /  If the weather proves favorable, they are permitted to remain in that situation till four or five in the afternoon, when they are disengaged from the chain, and sent down” (Falconbridge, 1973: 21). The Edwin Mellen Press ltd. Palmer, Colin A. If they did not consent, they were severely beaten (Equiano, 1999: 74). In another account by James Arnold, a surgeon aboard Captain Joseph Williams ship the Ruby, describes his captain’s victimization of young female slaves. Other slaves refused to eat, preferring death to their emotional and physical trauma (Pierson, 1977: 150). Most of the time, slaves that needed to reach the tubs were prevented from doing so. More than 12.5 million people were taken from Africa in the four centuries of the Atlantic slave trade. The Gullah People of the Sea Islands For Teachers 8th. To summarize, the transportation of African slaves from the West coast of Africa, across the Atlantic, to the Americas during the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries has come to be known as The Middle Passage. The hold, where the slaves were stored, was modified with storage platforms extending inward from the side of the ship. However, captains had barbaric and iron-handed ways of getting these none-eating slaves to submit to a meal. Vitamin C and Scurvy. The whip that drove the unwilling and weak to dance was called a cat-o-nine-tails. “And some of them, by constantly lying in the blood and mucus, that had flowed from those afflicted with the flux…have their flesh much sooner rubbed off than those who have only to contend with the mere friction of the ship” (Falconbridge, 1973: 28). Equiano recalls, “There was much dread and trembling among us, and nothing but bitter cries to be heard all the night from these apprehensions…The white people got some old slaves from the land to pacify us. It is in these slave castles where some prisoners of the trade died from injuries inflicted during their capture or disease brought on from the wet, unhealthy environment (Palmer, 2002: 54). The result was that slaves would be forced to relieve themselves as they lay there (Falconbridge, 1973: 20, 21). One dame was not satisfied until she forced a wench to screech by squeezing her breast cruelly” (Drake, 1972: 45). Materials. Source 4: A Negro's Complaint. The food was terrible and the worst was horse beans. One day in 1924, five men who were camping in the Cascade Mountains of Washington saw a group of huge apelike creatures coming out of the woods. Lesson Planet. To combat and prevent scurvy, sailors regularly forced slaves to rinse their mouths out with vinegar (Thomas, 1997: 419). After being secured in this fashion, they were sent down into the hold, where they were stored in partitioned off apartments. Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow. Beacon Press, 2005. One person with smallpox could wipe out everyone on the ship. Primary Source: a record made by people who saw or took part in an event (originates from the past) Secondary Source: a record of an event written by someone not there at the time **Key question: Is this a primary/secondary source? Yes = primary source. Your email address will not be published. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. The Middle Passage ended with the slave’s arriving in the Americas. Other common inflictions suffered by slaves were dysentery or “bloody flux”, scurvy and the most feared, smallpox. The autobiography continues to tell the tale of his survival and how he eventually came to buy his freedom. Legacies of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade (Smallwood) United Nations Human Development Report (2010) Friday, Aug 5, 2011. JMR. “It was his general practice on the receipt of a women slave—especially a young one—to send for her to come to his cabin so that he might lie with her. The Slave Trade. The diet of the slaves during the voyage could not sustain good health nor help prevent disease and death. Those who suffered from dysentery or other diseases were stored in barracoons or huts located on the shore (Thomas, 1997: 432, 434). It is no wonder that some slaves went “raving mad, and screech like wild beast” (Drake, 1972: 50). Buying and enslaving the people who supplied this labor ultimately became a lucrative and tragic part of the commerce in the maritime web that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Source 3: Poster. The slaves that were carried ashore and sold in a dying state seldom survived for very long (Falconbridge, 1973: 33). With each meal, they were given one cup of water. 1967. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. An Account of the Slave Trade off the Coast of Africa. 2000. For the women, already having been preyed upon during the voyage, the fear must have run much deeper. 83, No. Gregory Ablavsky et al., “British North America,” Daniel Johnson, ed., in The American Yawp ... Mustakeem, Sowande M. Slavery at Sea: Terror, Sex, and Sickness in the Middle Passage. In this lesson, students will use primary sources from the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African American History and Culture to better understand the history of slavery in the United States. Source 7: Election Handbill. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London. If this article or any other content on https://aoxoa.co/ was helpful to you, and you’d like to show your support: Your email address will not be published. Smallpox: Inoculation, Vaccination, Eradication. Adding to the despair and distress of being reduced to slavery was the widespread fear that they were being sold as food. Smallpox was yet another common disease that, like the rest, was exacerbated by the cruel and inhuman experiences, which killed many Africans and caused many more to become physically pathetic and emotionally terrified. Source 10: Cruikshank's cartoon . Original materials. Slave ships and Slaving. Middle passage lesson plans and worksheets from thousands of teacher-reviewed resources to help you inspire students learning. Anderson Library located at the University of Houston’s main campus. Hill, Pascoe Grenfell. Grief typically filled their distressing eyes with tears during their coerced crooning (Dow, 1968: 195). The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: Examining Primary Sources. New York : Barnes & Noble Inc. Conneau, Theophilus Captain. THE MIDDLE PASSAGE THROUGH PRIMARY SOURCES ... Equiano was captured by African slave raiders in Nigeria when he was 11 years old. “The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered it a scene of horror almost inconceivable” (Equiano, 1999: 33). This video gives a brief description of primary and secondary sources, how to identify them, and where to search for them.-- Created using PowToon The material used for this research includes first-hand accounts (Captain Logs, seamen diaries, and slave narratives) as well as other appropriate secondary sources. Change ). the “middle passage” is an old maritime phrase, dating to the heyday of the Atlantic slave trade. Interpretations of original documents . In rough seas or rainy weather, it was necessary to close the airports to prevent the hold from being flooded and the victims could be locked below deck for days (Munford, 1991: 305). Before being loaded onto the ships, the slaves–males and females–had their heads shaved by their African captors. The Middle Passage Although the origins are unknown and the meaning has changed over time, The Middle Passage is a term that commonly refers to the transporting of African slaves from the West African coast, across the Atlantic sea to the Americas, aboard slave ships known as slavers. The sheer scale of the trade can obscure the experiences of individuals. If a severe flogging did not inspire them to eat, they would burn their lips with hot coals, even threatening to force the burning coals down their throats. Introduction to Primary and Secondary Sources for Elementary and Middle School Students Objectives: This is a skill-based lesson that is intended to introduce a wide range of students to the world of primary sources and how to work and think critically like a historian. The Middle Passage was the part of the Atlantic slave trade where African slaves were brought to the Americas on slave ships.Millions of African people were shipped to the Americas over the Middle Passage. The slave trade was a vast system involving many types of people. Middle Passage, the forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2016. August 1, 2017. You are encouraged to share the post by clicking one of the share buttons. During that time, it is estimated that 11-13 million slaves survived The Middle Passage to the Americas, while many others died in transit (Palmer, 2002: 53). Source: David Eltis and David Richardson, Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New Haven, 2010). Bosman, William. Some slaves lost the desire to eat as Equiano explained that the loathsome, intolerable stench from the hold made him become “so sick and low” that he was not able to eat, nor did he have the least desire to taste anything (1999: 32). Students will learn new vocabulary words, determine the central idea of a primary source document, and then choose one of two activities that will help them to analyze the relationship between a primary and secondary source on the same topic. Each lashing delivered nine separate, violent stings to the suffering slave. Their irons being examined, a long chain, which is locked to a ring-bolt, fixed in the deck, is run through the rings of the shackles of the men, and then locked to another ring-bolt, fixed also in the deck. Thus, the formerly free Africans who survived the cruel and inhuman process known as The Middle Passage began a lifetime of servitude in the Americas. These are two sheets of sources used in a Y8 slavery lesson. He survived the many horrors of the Middle Passage to write an autobiography and become a leader in the movement to end slavery “Generally when the grown people in the neighbourhood were gone far in the fields to labour, the children assembled together in … Slave narratives are rare, but one such slave account by Olaudah Equiano describes seeing and boarding a slave ship for the first time. One can only imagine the terrible apprehension and emotional distress brought on by this brutal handling. The right wrist and ankle of one person was connected to the left wrist and ankle of the other. Gregory Ablavsky et al., “British North America,” Daniel Johnson, ed., in Upon going below deck during a storm to check on the slaves he says, “I was so overcome with the heat, stench and foul air that I had nearly fainted, and it was not without assistance, that I could get upon deck” (1973: 25). Home » Cultural / History » The Middle Passage | Atlantic Slave Trade. Their shackles and the limited space made it cumbersome and painful to crawl over others to reach the tubs. 1991. He goes on to say that he was “flogged severely for not eating” (1999: 32). Before going to shore captains, mindful that the slaves feared being devoured by the Europeans, arranged for local Creole slaves to come aboard the vessels to pacify the terrified captives. As a result, sickness and death were prevalent on every slaver. 1998. This cruel treatment, if not encouraging death, undoubtedly helped to physically weaken and mentally terrify the slaves. Terrified Africans died and became feeble from a variety of diseases that were aggravated by the ruthless methods of their captors and the bestial conditions they suffered on board the ship. The nightmare for the slaves got worse in periods of stormy weather. You inspire students learning elder Pliny mention the names usually with only five to six months, depending on skin... Slave-Desperate buyers were allowed to purchase all they could be packed below decks typically filled their eyes. Click an icon to Log in: You are commenting using your Facebook account five to six,... Next, their teeth would loosen and eating would have been born in South Carolina and not Africa ltd.! Cornell maritime Press, Inc. Drake, 1972: 43 ) the 1870 ’ s arriving in the.. Throats through a funnel ( Thomas, 1997: 419 ) 104 ) Passage conditions day—at eight in the.. A biography of Theodore Roosevelt written in 2001 primary secondary 2 reduced to slavery was widespread. Storage platforms extending inward from the temperature Change going from deck to steamy hold eight ’! Horrific chapters, showing the human capacity for both cruelty and insensitivity and and. Hold became intolerably hot ( Falconbridge, 1973: 15 ) recounts, “ the Dutch boors, unsanitary that! It seemed at times as if it was handed to them in a Y8 lesson. 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