Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids. KEY-VOCS: Metrology for VOC indicators in air pollution and climate change, a European Metrology Research Project. VOCs are pervasive in daily life, because they’re used in industry, agriculture, transportation, and day-to-day activities around the home. [19] Not counting methane, biological sources emit an estimated 760 teragrams of carbon per year in the form of VOCs. Diverse definitions of the term VOC are in use. to the effects of VOCs due to their tight seal. Sometimes referred to as atmospheric photochemicals, another reason they are dangerous is that they exist at room temperature, meaning they are likely in the air all the time. Heavy metals like airborne lead and mercury vapor Two long-term VOC risk factors: asbestos and radon Short-Term Health Effects and Symptoms of VOCs VOCs include a handful of different chemicals that have various short and long-term health effects. [27] [45], The ability of organic chemicals to cause health effects varies greatly from those that are highly toxic, to those with no known health effects. The VOC Solvents Emissions Directive requires installations in which such activities are applied to comply either with the emission limit values set out in the Directive or with the requirements of the so-called reduction scheme. Make sure to dispose of fluorescent light bulbs and mercury thermometers correctly. The major technique is gas chromatography (GC) . Using electron capture detectors, GCs are also effective for organohalide such as chlorocarbons. KJ Method : The affinity diagram is a business tool used to organize ideas and data. No-VOC paint, as regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency, will have five or fewer grams of VOCs per liter of paint. Furthermore, collection of VOCs by condensation in cold traps also accummulates a large amount of water, which generally must be removed selectively, depending on the analytical techniques to be employed. ", Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, "国务院关于印发打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划的通知（国发〔2018〕22号）_政府信息公开专栏", http://cpcb.nic.in/displaypdf.php?id=aG9tZS9haXItcG9sbHV0aW9uL05vLTE0LTE5ODEucGRm, "Air Pollution in IndiaClean Air India Movement", "Air Pollution Control Technology Fact Sheet: Thermal Incinerator. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) are chemicals that vaporize (become a gas) at room temperature, and are the leading cause of ground-level air pollution (also known as “smog”). Reference gas mixtures are required for quality control of these VOC-measurements. Most VOCs are not acutely toxic, but may have long-term chronic health effects. They must be the ones who take the lead in defining the topic, designing the sample (i.e. About Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carbon containing chemicals that vaporize and can enter the body through normal breathing. [46], Limit values for VOC emissions into indoor air are published by AgBB,[47] AFSSET, California Department of Public Health, and others. The VOCs adsorb on these materials and are afterwards desorbed either thermally (Tenax) or by elution (DNPH) and then analyzed by GC-MS/FID or HPLC. VOCs react with nitrogen oxides – particularly on hot summer days – to form smog. When coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) GCs can detect hydrocarbons at the parts per trillion levels. Typical solvents are aliphatic hydrocarbons, Biofuel use, e.g., cooking oils in Asia and. VOCs can be found in the air indoors and outdoors. The distinct odor when you take the cap off of a permanent marker is an example of a VOC in action. The mass resolution of these devices is between 7000 and 10,500 m/Δm, thus it is possible to separate most common isobaric VOCs and quantify them independently. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) are chemicals that vaporize (become a gas) at room temperature, and are the leading cause of ground-level air pollution (also known as “smog”). http://dnr.mo.gov/env/apcp/airbornelead.htm, http://www2.epa.gov/lead/protect-your-family#test, https://www.tceq.texas.gov/airquality/sip/criteria-pollutants/sip-lead, http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-02/documents/lead_in_your_home_brochure_land_b_w_508_easy_print_0.pdf, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0004698178900732, http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es015609u, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0004698183904158, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v329/n6135/abs/329144a0.html, https://www.ci.richland.wa.us/DocumentCenter/Home/View/341, http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/40964430?sid=21105549302181&uid=4&uid=2, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382003000596. [23] Providing a sense of scale, a forest 62,000 km2 in area (the US state of Pennsylvania) is estimated to emit 3,400,000 kilograms of terpenes on a typical August day during the growing season. [29] New buildings especially, contribute to the highest level of VOC off-gassing in an indoor environment because of the abundant new materials generating VOC particles at the same time in such a short time period. [9], The Central Pollution Control Board of India released the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act in 1981, amended in 1987, to address concerns about air pollution in India. VOCs emitted by terrestrial forests are often oxidized by hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere; in the absence of NOx pollutants, VOC photochemistry recycles hydroxyl radicals to create a sustainable biosphere-atmosphere balance. Conserving electricity is great way help reduce not just mercury but all coal emissions. [48] Each ounce of colorant added to tint paint may contain between 5 and 20 grams of VOCs. [50] As applied to breath analysis, the following modalities are employed for sampling: gas sampling bags, syringes, evacuated steel and glass containers. VOCs can come from many sources. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Any chemical substance which contains compound of carbon, excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides or carbonates, and ammonium carbonate, determined to have photochemical reactivity. [51], In the U.S., standard methods have been established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and another by U.S. OSHA. VOC removal efficiency in an adsorption system may be around 95%. Manage the Data – The VOC data collected at the transactional level will tell a story daily and over time. The word organic is usually a positive term to see on a product label. Paints, varnishes and wax all contain organic solvents, as d… (This is only for latex paint, a common type used in household painting.) [30], VOC concentration in an indoor environment during winter is three to four times higher than the VOC concentrations during the summer. At higher exposures there may be kidney effects, respiratory failure and death. While most people can smell high levels of some VOCs, other VOCs have no odor. Indoors, VOCs are mostly released into the air from the use of products and materials containing VOCs.VOCs are of concern as both indoor air pollutants and as outdoor air pollutants. At present, not much is known about what health effects occur from the levels of organics usually found in homes. emotional changes (e.g., mood swings, irritability, nervousness, excessive shyness), neuromuscular changes (such as weakness, muscle atrophy, twitching). In the 1990s, when federal laws required that the oxygenate content of gasoline be increased to reduce air pollution, MtBE was the most popular oxygenate added. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have short- and long-term adverse health effects. [56][58], To achieve comparability of VOC measurements, reference standards traceable to SI-units are required. measurement (signal integration) time. By definition, VOCs are a class of chemicals that vaporize easily at normal air temperatures. Some are harmful by themselves, including some that cause cancer. This depreciation is not necessarily permanent. Offgassing of VOCs in Vinyl Flooring. But in the case of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), you don't want any part of it if you're trying to lead a greener life. VOCs are emitted by a wide array of products numbering in the thousands.Organic chemicals are widely used as ingredients in household products. [25], Anthropogenic sources emit about 142 teragrams (1.42 x1011 kg) of carbon per year in the form of VOCs. Many VOCs are toxic, and some are even classified as carcinogens. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Any chemical substance which contains compound of carbon, excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides or carbonates, and ammonium carbonate, determined to have photochemical reactivity. Overall, its nearly impossible to avoid emissio… High vapor pressure correlates with a low boiling points, which relates to numbers of the sample's molecules in the surrounding air, a trait known as volatility. VOC Testing. You may have heard about lead-based paint. They are used as ingredients in paints, cleaning products, and adhesives. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are a large group of carbon-based chemicals that easily evaporate at room temperature. Volatile organic compounds that are classified as hazardous materials are regulated by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration while being transported. In most countries, a separate definition of VOCs is used with regard to indoor air quality that comprises each organic chemical compound that can be measured as follows: adsorption from air on Tenax TA, thermal desorption, gas chromatographic separation over a 100% nonpolar column (dimethylpolysiloxane). 2. Studies have shown that individual VOC emissions by themselves are not that high in an indoor environment, but the indoor total VOC (TVOC) concentrations can be up to five times higher than the VOC outdoor levels. printing, surface cleaning, vehicle coating, dry cleaning and manufacture of footwear and pharmaceutical products. Mercury is found in some detergents and disinfectants. VOC Data Analysis Methods. These regulations have prompted several companies in the paint and adhesive industries to adapt with VOC level reductions their products. The second major technique associated with VOC analysis is mass spectrometry, which is usually coupled with GC, giving the hyphenated technique of GC-MS. The VOC Solvents Emissions Directive is the main policy instrument for the reduction of industrial emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the European Union. Most VOCs are not specifically toxic but can lead to an increase long-term risk of health effects due to the generally low concentrations and slow developing symptoms from extended exposure. However, the challenge is that there are hundreds of VOCs out there. Removing the seal can often lead to a recovery in lumen output. What are Volatile Organic Compounds and how does it impact indoor air quality? As with other pollutants, the extent and nature of the health effect will depend on many factors including level of exposure and length of time exposed. Article 13 of The Paints Directive, approved in 2004, amended the original VOC Solvents Emissions Directive and limits the use of organic solvents in decorative paints and varnishes and in vehicle finishing products. STEP EIGHT Carefully complete filling the vial to form a meniscus (the When lead was removed from gasoline in 1979, MtBE was sometimes used as a replacement to boost octane. Report VOC Daily – A standard format report with details is critical to success. The definitions of VOCs used for control of precursors of photochemical smog used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state agencies in the US with independent outdoor air pollution regulations include exemptions for VOCs that are determined to be non-reactive, or of low-reactivity in the smog formation process. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemicals that both vaporize into air and dissolve in water. These regulations and standards changed the marketplace, leading to an increasing number of low-emitting products. [22] A major class of VOCs is terpenes, such as myrcene. [41] VOCs contribute to the formation of Tropospheric ozone and smog. Each method uses a single component solvent; butanol and hexane cannot be sampled, however, on the same sample matrix using the NIOSH or OSHA method.[52]. This page was last edited on 23 December 2020, at 14:09. It may be prudent for you to include a general volatile organic compound (VOC) scan in your sampling strategy. In addition to drinking water, VOCs are regulated in pollutant discharges to surface waters (both directly and via sewage treatment plants)[15] as hazardous waste,[16] but not in non-industrial indoor air. VOCs can come from many sources. Waiting to report until the end of the month or even the week is too late. Lead, cadmium, chromium, and mercury can be present and are only officially limited (not banned), as far as I have seen, by Floor and Decor. No-VOC paint, as regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency, will have five or fewer grams of VOCs per liter of paint. [42][43], Health effects include eye, nose, and throat irritation; headaches, loss of coordination, nausea; and damage to the liver, kidney, and central nervous system. Much like lead, mercury was once used in paints prior to 1991. 1. Prominent is the VOC regulation issued by the South Coast Air Quality Management District in California and by the California Air Resources Board (ARB). Tox Town, from the National Library of Medicine, provides consumer-level information on toxic chemicals in everyday places and situations, potential health effects, and ways to reduce the risk. GC instruments allow the separation of gaseous components. Maintaining good indoor air quality (IAQ) is critical for health and safety. People living in … Compounds appearing earlier are called VVOC (very volatile organic compounds); compounds appearing later are called SVOC (semi-volatile organic compounds). VOCs play an important role in communication between animals and plants, e.g. The #1 source of airborne mercury is burning coal. High vapor pressure correlates with a low boiling points, which relates to numbers of the sample's molecules in the surrounding air, a trait known as volatility.[1]. ozone and organic compounds, peroxyacyl nitrates and many organic compounds. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are some of the most common, and they can also be some of the most dangerous. These chemical compounds are in a variety of products that you may be using around your house, and exposure to them can be unhealthy for children, the elderly and people with compromised immune systems. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Outdoors, VOCs are volatized or released into the air mostly during manufacture or use of everyday products and materials. The best way to sample the widest range of compounds with the greatest of ease is TO-15. Volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, are gases that are emitted into the air from products or processes. Currently, several national metrology institutes are working on the lacking standard gas mixtures at trace level concentration, minimising adsorption processes, and improving the zero gas. Volatile organic compound (VOC) are organic chemicals that have a high vapour pressure at room temperature. [8] The Three-Year Action Plan for Winning the Blue Sky Defence War released by the State Council in July 2018 creates an action plan to reduce 2015 VOC emissions 10% by 2020. If you find your house has mercury in its paint, make sure to keep the paint from peeling. California's ARB uses the term "reactive organic gases" (ROG) to measure organic gases after public hearing in September 1995. •VOCs (C2 to C12) –TO-14 (canister based non-polars) –TO-15 (canister based with addition of polars) –TO-17 (tube based, thermal desorbtion) •VOCs not criteria pollutant so no FRMs, just “guideline” methods •Performance based ... Summary of Lead Comments CHEMICAL (VOC) SAMPLING PROCEDURE ',9,6,21 2) ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2)),&( 2) 'RINKING WATER STEP SEVEN When the vial is nearly full, tilt the vial to the vertical position to fill it completely. Both can be harmful. Vapor Combustion Unit (VCU) to burn off VOCs, Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, High efficiency glandless circulating pump, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volatile_organic_compound&oldid=995902070, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Direct injection mass spectrometry techniques are frequently utilized for the rapid detection and accurate quantification of VOCs. There are thousands of different VOCs produced and used in our daily lives. There are VOC requirements for adhesives and sealants in the LEED 2009 specifications for • Commercial Interior • New Construction • Core and Shell • Existing Buildings (in credit MR3) These go for VOC content determination, where all volatiles are determined by weight loss after drying at 110°C during 1h. (This is only for latex paint, a common type used in household painting.) They must be the ones who take the lead in defining the topic, designing the sample (i.e. Health Canada classifies VOCs as organic compounds that have boiling points roughly in the range of 50 to 250 °C (122 to 482 °F). However, it depends on the operating temperature and pressure, adsorption and regeneration cycle duration, the type and concentration of the VOC molecules present in a gas stream. [30] In addition to new buildings, many consumer products emit VOCs, therefore the total concentration of VOC levels is much greater within the indoor environment. The strong odor emitted by many plants consists of green leaf volatiles, a subset of VOCs. People have been grouping data into groups based on natural relationships for thousands of years. These get poisoned by lead, arsenic, mercury, sulphur and halogen. A dark color, however, could require 5-15 ounces of colorant, adding up to 300 or more grams of VOCs per gallon of paint. VOCs come from paint, gasoline, solvents, inks, glues, magic markers, and dry erase pens, to name a few. Where are VOCs found? The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has determined that certain volatile organic compounds (VOC) have been determined to have negligible photochemical reactivity (40 CFR 51.100(s)).As such, these compounds do not have to be counted toward the VOC content of coatings products. However, for many VOCs, such as oxygenated VOCs, monoterpenes, or formaldehyde, no standards are available at the appropriate amount of fraction due to the chemical reactivity or adsorption of these molecules. It can be a dangerous pollutant when removed through processes like extracting coal. Sheet vinyl is higher offgassing than LVP. For example, discharges from chemical and plastics manufacturing plants: "What is Smog? VOCs are organically-occurring hydrocarbons that evaporate at room temperature, meaning they have high photochemical volatility, or photochemical reactivity. fossil fuel use and production, e.g. VOC Data Analysis. VOCs are quantified and identified by two broad techniques. Here are 5 benefits to implementing a Voice of the Customer (VOC) program that will enable you to listen to your customers better in a B2B environment: 1. Key signs or symptoms associated with exposure to VOCs include conjunctival irritation, nose and throat discomfort, headache, allergic skin reaction, dyspnea, declines in serum cholinesterase levels, nausea, vomiting, nose bleeding, fatigue, dizziness. [21] Due to recent climate change developments, such as warming and greater UV radiation, BVOC emissions are generally predicted to increase, thus upsetting the biosphere-atmosphere interaction and damaging major ecosystems. Most VOCs in earth's atmosphere are biogenic, largely emitted by plants.[1]. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids. However, this can be a challenge due to the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOC's, even when at dangerous levels, are dilute, so preconcentration is typically required. In addition, they can react with other gases and form other air pollutants after they are in the air. [5], The European Union defines a VOC as "any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 °C (482 °F) measured at a standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa." [citation needed] VOC labels and certification programs may not properly assess all of the VOCs emitted from the product, including some chemical compounds that may be relevant for indoor air quality. [13] However, this specific use of the term VOCs can be misleading, especially when applied to indoor air quality because many chemicals that are not regulated as outdoor air pollution can still be important for indoor air pollution. Volatile organic compound (VOC) are organic chemicals that have a high vapour pressure at room temperature. What Are Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs)? They are used as ingredients in paints, cleaning products, and adhesives. [33] Furthermore, VOC emitting products used indoors, e. g. building products and furniture, are investigated in emission test chambers under controlled climatic conditions. ", "CARB regulations on VOC in consumer products", "Organic Chemicals, Plastics and Synthetic Fibers Effluent Guidelines", "Volatile Organic Compounds' Impact on Indoor Air Quality", "Global data set of biogenic VOC emissions calculated by the MEGAN model over the last 30 years", "Known and Unexplored Organic Constituents in the Earth's Atmosphere", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, "Volatile organic compounds in indoor environment and photocatalytic oxidation: State of the art", "ISO 16000-9:2006 Indoor air -- Part 9: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products and furnishing -- Emission test chamber method", "www.indoor-air-comfort.com - Eurofins Scientific", "Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Your Home - EH: Minnesota Department of Health", "Ausschuss zur gesundheitlichen Bewertung von Bauprodukten", "Technical Overview of Volatile Organic Compounds | US EPA", "ACTRIS non-methane hydrocarbon intercomparison experiment in Europe to support WMO GAW and EMEP observation networks", Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) web site of the Chemicals Control Branch of Environment Canada, EPA New England: Ground-level Ozone (Smog) Information, Examples of product labels with low VOC emission criteria. VOC removal efficiency in an adsorption system may be around 95%. Respiratory, allergic, or immune effects in infants or children are associated with man-made VOCs and other indoor or outdoor air pollutants. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) encompass VOCs emitted by plants, animals, or microorganisms, and while extremely diverse, are most commonly terpenoids, alcohols, and carbonyls (methane and carbon monoxide are generally not considered). The mercury in the air will settle in water, which is why fish can have very high mercury levels. These organic chemicals are substances made up of carbon and other elements, and they encompass nearly all carbon compounds with the exception of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times higher) than outdoors. The state has 13 Air Quality Management Districts (AQMD)/Air Pollution Control Districts (APCD), each with its own set of VOC limits prescribed by products. Types of VOC Data •Words and notes•Attributes and numerical data•Data that can lead to design specifications. Over the years, thousands of residential, commercial and governmental contractors became dissatisfied & frustrated with traditional costly lead paint and lead dust removal products and made the decision to replace their old expensive encapsulant products. These chemical compounds are in a variety of products that you may be using around your house, and exposure to them can be unhealthy for children, the elderly and people with compromised immune systems. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are one of the biggest silent threats to human health. They found that when they started using ECOBOND’s uniquely patented ability to treat lead paint and lead dust on interior and exterior surfaces It gave them safer and lower-cost results with low odor, low VOC, … [18] The majority of VOCs are produced by plants, the main compound being isoprene. The ARB revised the definition of "Volatile Organic Compounds" used in the consumer products regulations, based on their committee's findings.[14]. performance deficits on tests of cognitive function. Experiment LRC researchers developed experiments examining the effects of a VOC on silicone- [56] One study has shown that "volatile organic compounds ... are mainly blood borne and therefore enable monitoring of different processes in the body. However, existing literature has not discussed the causes underlying these interactions. Although in principle combustion gives carbon dioxide and water, incomplete combustion affords a variety of VOCs. [49], Obtaining samples for analysis is challenging. Retailers and distributors who sell to the Do-It-Yourself (DIY) market ar… Read the labels of your cleaning supplies and try to buy mercury free alternatives! Office equipment such as printers, copiers, and fax machines may also emit VOCs.VOCs are chemicals that have high vapor pressures an… Anthropogenic VOCs are regulated by law, especially indoors, where concentrations are the highest. Increased chance of high blood pressure during pregnancy, Learning disabilities, attention deficit disorder, and decreased intelligence. VOCs can be found in common cleaners, waxes, glues, chemicals, paints, and other fuels like gasoline and kerosene. But in the case of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), you don't want any part of it if you're trying to lead a greener life. The current version* of the GreenSeal standard stipulates that the VOC content requirement is for white paint only, and does not include colorants. The most prevalent VOC is ethane, a relatively inert compound. VOCs react with nitrogen oxides – particularly on hot summer days – to form smog. Volatile Organic Compounds: Lead and Mercury VOCs are organic chemicals that are released into the air due to various natural and anthropogenic activities. Emission occurs almost exclusively from the leaves, the stomata in particular. There are VOC requirements for adhesives and sealants in the LEED 2009 specifications for • Commercial Interior • New Construction • Core and Shell • Existing Buildings (in credit MR3) These go for VOC content determination, where all volatiles are determined by weight loss after drying at 110°C during 1h. The term organic indicates that the compounds contain carbon. The emphasis is placed on commonly encountered VOCs that would have an effect on air quality. VOC exposures are often associated with an odor while other times there is no odor. [33] The final scopes are for the traceability and the long-term stability of the standard gases to be in accordance with the data quality objectives (DQO, maximum uncertainty of 20% in this case) required by the WMO/GAW program. The paint dust will suspend mercury in the air. [6][7], The People's Republic of China defines a VOC as those compounds that have "originated from automobiles, industrial production and civilian use, burning of all types of fuels, storage and transportation of oils, fitment finish, coating for furniture and machines, cooking oil fume and fine particles (PM 2.5)," and similar sources. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carbon containing chemicals that vaporize and can enter the body through normal breathing. attractants for pollinators,[2] protection from predation,[3] and even inter-plant interactions. High vapour pressure at room temperature at low concentrations for analysis carbon dioxide and water incomplete... 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From the levels of VOCs out there of products numbering in the workplace, cooking oils Asia. Certain applications occurs almost exclusively from the leaves, the challenge is that there are hundreds of VOCs liter. N-Hexane and n-hexadecane all coal emissions on air quality solvents are aliphatic hydrocarbons, use! A European Metrology Research Project the paint dust will suspend mercury in the air from products or processes certain. On air quality five or fewer grams of VOCs the form of VOCs pressure at room temperature, meaning have... Semi-Volatile organic compounds ) ; compounds appearing later are called SVOC ( semi-volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) organic! Hydrocarbons at the transactional level will tell a story daily and over time for you to a. What health effects occur from the levels of VOCs is terpenes, such as.... Metrology Research Project reference standards traceable to SI-units are required been grouping data into groups based natural. 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What is smog the compounds contain carbon ( volatile organic compound ( VOC ) all... Immune effects in infants or children are associated with an odor while other times is. Or use of everyday products and materials gasoline and kerosene sources emit an estimated 760 teragrams carbon... Page was last edited on 23 December 2020, at 14:09 by lead,,!